Month: February 2022

Biofilm Module

Biofilm is thought to be present in all chronic wounds. Understanding what biofilm is and how to manage it is important to avoid delayed healing.
Biofilm … read more

Preventing complications at wound dressing changes

This module aims to make clinicians aware of:

  • The importance of skin health and what makes it vulnerable to damage.
  • The damage that can occur when using medical adhesives and improper removal techniques.
  • The impact that MARSIs (medical adhesive-related skin injuries) can have on patients.
  • Ways to reduce the risk of MARSIs by providing appropriate treatment for at-risk patients groups.

read more

Wound Care Service Development Over a Five-Year-Period of National Change

Role of Partnership Working and Education Delivery
This article outlines the development of a community tissue viability service over the same five-year-period in which a number of national issues with wound care were identified through research. These included a lack of evidence-based practice, a changing community workforce and an unwarranted variation in care attributed to a lack of education and training among generalist practitioners. The author describes how a proactive approach was taken to local service development to address these issues, and how partnership working with both colleagues and industry enabled improved wound care education delivery and uptake among a generalist community workforce … read more

Analysis of Bias Criteria Checklist for Wound Care Registries & EHRs

Chronic wounds affect nearly 15% of Medicare patients (8.2 million people) and may cost as much as $96.8 billion per year. The most common are not venous or diabetic, even though they are the most often studied in prospective trials. The most common chronic wounds are surgical incisions that dehisce and the “wounds with no name” due to the patients’ underlying medical conditions. That is because wounds are not a disease – they are a symptom. The US Wound Registry (USWR), a 501 (c)(3) non-profit organization, has been a patient registry since 2005. Since 2014, the USWR has been recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as a Qualified Clinical Data Registry (QCDR) that collects medical and/ or clinical data for the purpose of improving the quality of patient care. While we understand that randomized, controlled trials are needed to demonstrate efficacy in a perfect world, real-world patients have an average of 6 serious co-morbid conditions and take 10 medications. These complicated patients are invariably excluded from clinical research studies, which makes it impossible to know what treatments work best. We believe the way to demonstrate effectiveness in the real world is by using real-world data … read more

Latest Clinical Evidence Presented at APWCA’s Wound Week™ 2022 Illustrates the Significant …

Clinical Utility of the MolecuLight Point-of-Care Imaging Platform
PRESS RELEASE
February 24, 2022

Toronto, ONTARIO and Philadelphia, PENNSYLVANIA – (February 24, 2022) MolecuLight Inc., the leader in point-of-care fluorescence imaging for real-time detection of wounds containing elevated bacterial loads, announces the presentation of 8 Clinical Posters and a Presentations and a Hands-On Workshop at the American Professional Wound Care Association’s (APWCA) Wound Week™, held from February 24 – 27, 2022 in Philadelphia, PA. Wound Week is a leading multidisciplinary meeting of wound care professionals that presents cutting-edge clinical findings and best practices presented by its expert faculty.

“We are thrilled with the significant number of presentations and posters at Wound Week showing the impressive results derived from MolecuLight point-of-care devices,” says Anil Amlani, MolecuLight’s CEO. “The clinical insights that are informed by the MolecuLight platform span the wound care continuum, including wound cleansing and hygiene, antimicrobial stewardship, detection of wound-related cellulitis and surgical site infections. The outcomes presented in these studies illustrate the significant clinical improvements to wound care provided to clinicians by the MolecuLightplatform”.

The 8 clinical posters and the presentation featuring the MolecuLight i:X at Wound Week 2022 are as follows:

Posters by Dr. Alisha Oropallo (Northwell Comprehensive Wound Healing Center and Hyperbarics, Lake Success NY) include:

  • Wound Hygiene: Which Cleansing Agents and Techniques Are Most Effective?
     Download poster
  • 12-week RCT Evaluating Impact of Routine Fluorescence Imaging of Bacteria on DFU Healing Rates
     Download poster

Posters by Dr. Charles Andersen (Vascular/Endovascular/Limb Preservation Surgery Service, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA) include:

  • Diagnosis and Treatment of the Invasive Extension of Bacteria (Cellulitis) from Chronic Wounds Utilizing Point-of-Care Fluorescence Imaging
     Download poster
  • Guidelines for point-of-care fluorescence imaging for detection of wound bacterial burden based on Delphi consensus
     Download poster

Posters by Dr. Thomas Serena (SerenaGroup Research Foundation, Cambridge, MA) include:

  • Reliance on Clinical Signs & Symptoms of Bacterial Burden in Chronic Wounds Leads to the Misuse of Antimicrobials: Analysis of the FLAAG Clinical Trial
     Download poster
  • Point-of-care fluorescence imaging enhances detection of high bacterial burden in surgical site wounds
     Download poster
  • Are Semi-Quantitative Clinical Cultures Inadequate? Comparison to Quantitative Analysis of 1053 Bacterial Isolates from 350 Wounds
     Download poster
  • An image is worth 10,000 microbes: How fluorescence imaging augments IWGDF criteria for detection of bacterial burden in diabetic foot ulcers
     Download poster

The Clinical Presentations citing the MolecuLight point-of-care device is:

  • All That Glows is Not Good (Innovative Technologies: What’s in the Pipeline?)  by Dr. Oropallo on Sat., Feb. 26, 2022, 9:00 – 10:00 am in the Commonwealth Room

In addition to the clinical posters and presentations at Wound Week,, the MolecuLight i:X® and DX™ imaging devices will be demonstrated at the Hands-On Workshop on Thursday, February 24th from 1:30 pm – 5:30 pm in the Regency B Ballroom. They will also be available for demonstration in the MolecuLight booth #36 in the Exhibit Hall at the Loews, Philadelphia, PA.

 

About MolecuLight Inc.

MolecuLight Inc. is a privately-owned medical imaging company that has developed and is commercializing its proprietary fluorescent imaging platform technology in multiple clinical markets. MolecuLight’s suite of commercially released devices, including the MolecuLight i:X® and DX fluorescence imaging systems and their accessories, provide point-of-care handheld imaging devices for the global wound care market for the real-time detection of wounds containing elevated bacterial burden (when used with clinical signs and symptoms) and for digital wound measurement.  MolecuLight procedures performed in the United States can benefit from an available reimbursement pathway including two CPT® codes for physician work to perform “fluorescence wound imaging for bacterial presence, location, and load” and facility payment for Hospital Outpatient Department (HOPD) and Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC) settings through an Ambulatory Payment Classification (APC) assignment. The company is also commercializing its unique fluorescence imaging platform technology for other markets with globally relevant, unmet needs including food safety, consumer cosmetics and other key industrial markets.

 

For more information, contact:

Rob Sandler
Chief Marketing Officer
MolecuLight Inc.
T. +1.647.362.4684
rsandler@moleculight.com
www.moleculight.com

Leg wounds: topical timolol accelerated healing times in elderly patients

Managing a surgical wound on the lower leg can be a challenge. Often, higher wound tension, atrophic skin, edema, and compromised circulation result in higher risks of wound dehiscence and infection, and significantly limit the capacity of wound closure post-surgically. Therefore, healing by secondary intention is a practical option for many lower leg Mohs defects. However, a secondary intention wound on the lower leg is expected to take a longer time to heal. Certain factors such as older age and health conditions of the host may adversely affect healing time … Timolol is a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist that has FDA approval for the treatment of glaucoma. In addition to this FDA-approved indication, topical timolol has several off-label uses in dermatology, such as for the treatment of infantile hemangiomas, venous stasis ulcers, and refractory wounds. Although timolol solution has been used in chronic wounds … read more

Custom-made indoor footwear may be beneficial for people with diabetes at risk for ulceration

“Custom-made footwear is an effective intervention to help prevent foot ulceration and is recommended in international guidelines,” but ensuring consistent use is “a challenge,” particularly indoors, explain Sicco Bus and co-authors from Amsterdam University Medical Center in the Netherlands … To address this issue, the researchers carried out a study of 31 people with type 1 (23%) or type 2 (77%) diabetes with moderate-to-high risk for plantar foot ulceration who already possessed custom-made footwear prescribed by a rehabilitation medicine specialist. These people were provided with additional custom-made footwear specifically designed for indoor use, with the same biomechanical offloading capacity as their existing footwear … read more

Fast Five Quiz: Type 2 Diabetes and Peripheral Artery Disease

According to the International Diabetes Federation, 537 million people around the world have diabetes. This number is projected to rise to 700 million by 2045. In 2021, diabetes was responsible for 6.7 million deaths. Type 2 diabetes accounts for around 90% of diabetes cases, making it a global health crisis. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an athero-occlusive disease and a chronic complication of diabetes. It is a risk factor for both foot ulceration and amputation. More than two thirds of patients with diabetic foot ulceration have associated PAD. Estimates suggest that more than 230 million people worldwide have PAD. Early recognition and treatment of patients with diabetes and feet at risk for ulcers and amputations can prevent or delay adverse outcomes … read more

New Updates on the Diabetes Epidemic Within the United States

A recent report from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) revealed startling new updates to the number of individuals with diabetes and prediabetes in the United States. The data obtained from 2017-2020 showed that one in ten Americans have diabetes, and over one-third have prediabetes. It also mentioned that of the 37.3 million people with diabetes, around 8.5 million are undiagnosed. This was similar in those with prediabetes: of the 96 million adults that have it, approximately 19% are unaware of their prediabetes status. In addition, an even more alarming aspect of the finding was the substantial rise in diabetes and prediabetes in young adults and even children … read more

Helping to prevent pressure ulcers

A quick guide for registered managers of care homes

A healthcare professional should reassess a person’s pressure ulcer risk:

  • after surgery or other investigation
  • if they move to a different care setting
  • if their underlying condition worsens
  • after a change in their mobility.

If the person has several risk factors or a history of pressure ulcers, they should be assessed as being at high risk of developing a pressure ulcer. A trained healthcare professional should complete a skin assessment for anyone assessed as high risk … read more

Wound Cleansing With a Hypochlorous Acid–Preserved Wound Cleanser in Pediatric Patients With Burns

Wound cleansing and wound bed preparation is an important step toward healing of any wound etiology. A hypochlorous acid–preserved wound cleanser (HAPWOC; Vashe, Urgo Medical) is used widely across the continuum of care in the author’s large hospital system, which includes a pediatric burn unit. HAPWOC is used widely in inpatients and outpatients for acute and chronic wounds, including burns. Its use is of particular importance when wound bioburden is a consideration … read more

Why the Current State of Wound Care Research Makes Me Mad ….

and How You Can Help Fix it at the Wound Care Evidence Summit
The Wound Care Evidence Summit will take place May 19-20, 2022 at the Hyatt Regency Bethesda, MD. If you are involved in the field of wound care (e.g., Chief Medical Officers, researchers, Regulatory Affairs staff, Clinical Association representatives, manufacturers, etc.) you need to register now because spots are limited. The meeting will convene commercial and government payer medical directors, the FDA, NIH senior staff, wound care researchers, manufacturers, and policymakers.

Here’s why I care about this so much: In about 1997, I was one of several investigators participating in the prospective clinical trial of Becaplermin (REGRANEX®) Gel for Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). That trial enrolled mostly Wagner 1 DFUs and Wagner Grade 2 DFUs (as long as the Wagner 2 DFUs had no exposed tendon, capsule or bone – which means, not really Wagner 2 DFUs). In addition to studying … read more

Microbiological Identification and Resistance Profile of Microorganisms in Pressure Injuries

After the Use of Polyhexamethylene Biguanide: A Series of Fourteen Cases
Introduction. Colonization of a pressure injury with microorganisms can negatively affect wound healing. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate which products best facilitate wound healing. Objective. This case series evaluated the effectiveness of the antimicrobial polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) on microorganisms in pressure injuries. Materials and Methods. Fourteen patients (14 wounds) were treated with PHMB in the hospital setting after collection of a wound swab sample for microbiological analysis and determination of the risk profile using the disk diffusion method. Results. Thirteen lesions (92.9%) were positive for 1 or more bacterial strains, the most prevalent of which were Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two strains of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) were also identified. Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrated 100% resistance to the tested antibiotics, with Acinetobacter demonstrating 90% resistance … read more

35 Years of Pressure Injury Science and Knowledge Translation

Our celebratory 35th publication year continues with our fourth annual themed issue on pressure injuries (PIs), an important global concern.

This issue provides recent PI research in print and online from the US and around the world. Some of the international authors’ contributions include the following:

  • Finnish data on PI prevention
  • A study from Turkey on managing PIs in home care
  • Brazilian research on PIs in ICU patients.

read more

Epigenetics and Biochemistry of Stress in Wound Care

Wound care can be a surprisingly emotional field. Some days it can feel like every patient visit contains challenging emotional situations that clinicians must also recover from with resilience not to carry that energy to the next visit. These stressors can be related to the patient’s medical status and critical conversations regarding their health, pain and anxiety, the death of a patient’s close family members, and even access to basic necessities like safe housing and social support. Factors other than the health care they receive are driving outcomes, consistent with what we know about social determinants of health which determine 80% of health outcomes. These life stressors and the stressors that have occurred throughout the patient’s life can contribute to physiologic changes that further delay wound healing … read more

NHG programme for diabetic foot disease reduces major amputations by 40 per cent

An innocuous injury to his left little toe in late 2019 led to an infection that resulted in nine foot-related operations and five lower limb angioplasties in just over a year for Mr Toh Eng Cheng. His gangrenous toe had to be amputated, and another six later, to curb a recurrence of diabetic foot ulcers, but the 52-year-old counts himself lucky. “I could have lost the lower part of my leg or maybe the whole leg,” said the former security supervisor, who has three toes left on his right foot. “Of course, I did not like the idea of amputating my toes at first,” he told The Straits Times. “But if I didn’t accept it, then who knows, I might not be talking to you now,” he said. He added that he is glad he is still able to walk without the need for a walking frame or walking stick … read more

Increased temperature at the healed area detected by thermography predicts recurrent pressure ulcers

Preventing recurrent pressure ulcers is an important challenge in healthcare. One of the reasons for the high rate of recurrent pressure ulcers is the lack of assessment methods for their early detection. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the thermographic characteristics of the healed area and to consider the predictive validity of thermographic images for recurrent pressure ulcers within a 2-week period. This observational study was conducted at a long-term care facility in Japan between July 2017 and February 2019 among patients whose pressure ulcers had healed. Thermographic images of the healed area were recorded once a week until recurrence or until the end of the study. We enrolled 30 participants, among whom 8 developed recurrent pressure ulcers. The generalised estimation equation revealed that the thermographic finding of increased temperature at the healed area compared to that of the surrounding skin was significantly associated with recurrent pressure ulcers … read more

Foundations of Best Practice for Skin and Wound Management – E-book

Foundations of Best Practice for Skin and Wound Management is a comprehensive document intended to help health-care professionals in the prevention and management of wounds … Developed by teams of interprofessional experts with a deep wealth of knowledge and experience, the chapters that make up Foundations have been built using a rigorous process of researching, writing and reviewing. Each chapter provides a best practice approach to the prevention and management of a particular wound type, except the first two, which offer a broad overview of skin physiology and wound healing and the prevention and management of wounds in general … order

Chronic Wounds: Economic Impact & Costs to Medicare

A new study, “An Economic Evaluation of the Impact, Cost, and Medicare Policy Implications of Chronic Nonhealing Wounds,” published in the International Society For Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research’s Value in Health journal (Jan. 2018) demonstrates the economic impact and full burden of chronic nonhealing wounds in the Medicare population. The study analyzed the Medicare 5% Limited Data Set for CY2014 to determine the cost of chronic wound care for Medicare beneficiaries in aggregate, by wound type, and by setting. Topline findings show that chronic wounds impact nearly 15% of Medicare beneficiaries … read more

Called to the Principal’s Office: My Experience With a TPE Audit

One day, as medical director of three wound centers—two with hyperbaric services in a five-hospital system—I was called to the wound care administrator’s office. I heard the three things that I never wish to hear going into a meeting:

1.    “Please come to my office and close the door.”

2.    “I would like to give you a heads-up.”

3.    “You are being audited by Medicare for a targeted probe and educate.”

read more

Iranian firm produces, exports advanced wound dressings

An Iranian knowledge-based company has produced advanced wound dressing products, with structures similar to human skins
Wound dressings are important because wounds and damaged tissues go through a relatively-complicated and time-consuming process to heal. And using low-quality products could lead to infection or scars on the skin after wounds heal.

The products manufactured by Teba Zist Polymer (Treetta) company, after eight years of research and development, use a host of technologies to ensure quick and seamless healing of wounds … read more

Does HBOT promote the healing of diabetic foot ulcers?

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a treatment option that involves a person breathing almost pure oxygen in a special room or small chamber. Evidence suggests that HBOT may have a variety of applications, including the promotion of wound healing. Due to this, it may help treat diabetic foot ulcers … During the natural wound healing process, the body uses oxygen to stimulate the healing and growth of new tissue. HBOT helps encourage the formation of new blood vessels around the wound area, and these supply the area with more oxygen. This influx of oxygen and other healing nutrients helps generate new, healthy tissue … read more

Free Triiodothyronine and Free Triiodothyronine to Free Thyroxine Ratio Predict

All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Purpose: Free triiodothyronine (FT3) and FT3/free thyroxine (FT4) ratio have been associated with mortality in various diseases. However, no study to date has identified a link between FT3, FT3/FT4 ratio and all-cause mortality in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). This study aimed to investigate this relationship.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 726 patients diagnosed with DFUs in a public hospital from January 2015 to October 2019. Patients were classified by the optimal cut-off values of the FT3 and FT3/FT4 ratio, respectively. The association of FT3 and FT3/FT4 ratio with all-cause mortality was evaluated in a multivariable cox regression model. Directed acyclic graphs were used to assess the minimally sufficient sets of confounding variables … read more

Peer-Reviewed Study Demonstrates Increased Cost-Effectiveness of MIMEDX

Dehydrated Human Amnion Chorion Membrane (DHACM) in Lower Extremity Diabetic Ulcer (LEDU) Treatment Compared to Standard of Care
Use of MIMEDX PURION® Processed DHACM Provided Improved Clinical Benefits, Shorter Average Length of Treatment and Increased Quality-Adjusted Life Years
MiMedx Group, Inc. (Nasdaq: MDXG) (“MIMEDX” or the “Company”), a transformational placental biologics company, today announced the publication of a peer-reviewed study in the Journal of Wound Care evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the Company’s PURION® processed dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (DHACM) allografts (EPIFIX®) compared with standard of care for treating lower extremity diabetic ulcers (LEDUs), including diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs).

The study analyzed a retrospective cohort (2015-2019) of 10.9 million Medicare patients diagnosed with diabetes, 1.2 million of whom had a LEDU, and tracked outcomes such as amputations and healthcare utilization. Findings across propensity-matched cohorts demonstrated that the timely use of DHACM resulted in a significant reduction in long-term healthcare related costs, driven by the associated improved clinical benefits indicated by patients receiving DHACM, compared to those receiving standard of care, or receiving no advanced treatment (NAT) … read more

Outcomes of Telehealth for Wound Care: A Scoping Review

The aim of this scoping review is to synthesize the literature on delivering wound care via telehealth and compare clinical, healthcare utilization, and cost outcomes when wound care is provided via telehealth (telewound) modalities compared to in-person care … read more

SMART researchers discover unique lysin capable of killing deadly multidrug-resistant bacteria

Novel lysin Abp013 has shown promising antimicrobial ability against Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Researchers from the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Interdisciplinary Research Group (IRG) at Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), MIT’s research enterprise in Singapore, alongside collaborators at Nanyang Technological University, have identified a novel phage lysin – Abp013 – that could be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent against two of the most deadly bacteria: Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The study is supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore, under its Intra-CREATE Collaborative Seed Grant … Antimicrobial resistance remains an ever-growing threat to humankind, and an increasing number of people die each year from superbug infections. The development of new bacteria-killing agents is crucial, and lysins have shown great promise in treating deadly chronic wound and lung infections against which no antibiotics are effective … read more

MediWound awarded a U.S. Department of Defense research grant for the development of Nexobrid for the U.S. Army

Research project award is for the development of Nexobrid as a non-surgical solution for field care
YAVNE, Israel, February 17, 2022 — MediWound Ltd. (Nasdaq: MDWD), a fully-integrated biopharmaceutical company focused on next-generation bio therapeutic solutions for tissue repair and regeneration, today announced that the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), through the Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium (MTEC), has awarded MediWound a $1.7 million research project for the development of NexoBrid® as a non-surgical solution for field-care burn treatment for the U.S. Army (the “MTEC Research Project Award”).

“We are privileged to join forces with the U.S. DoD, supporting its goals of improving treatment outcomes and saving lives of service members who suffer traumatic burn injuries in the battlefield,” said Sharon Malka, Chief Executive Officer of MediWound. “This non-dilutive funding provides important recognition of NexoBrid’s merits as a non-surgical, easy-to-use, effective solution for eschar removal of severe burns and highlights its potential role in treating severe burn injuries in the field as early as the point of injury. We thank the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC) for the award and look forward to working with them to have NexoBrid available for military use by the U.S. Army.”

“The military services require simple and effective non-surgical solutions to treat severe burn patients as close to point of injury as possible. MTEC is excited to support MediWound’s effort to advance an effective non-surgical debriding solution for far forward burn treatment to benefit U.S. service members. This work could result in a transformational change to the current standard of care of burn injuries,” stated Lauren Palestrini, PhD, MTEC Director of Research Programs … read more

Creating a Crash-Proof Retirement for Doctors

Can your portfolio weather fickle market fluctuation?
To the uninitiated, a crash proof retirement can seem like a white whale — impossible to capture. That’s because to most physicians, investing in general seems like such a risky endeavor, best left to financial advisors or financial planners. That is how the financial industry makes a lot of its money. However, once you begin your financial education and learn the simple investing strategies that will lead you to financial freedom … read more

How a Dumpster Inspired a Wound Center Revolution

About 25 years ago I was hired to assist a wound center in Sherman Oaks as it moved away from its management company, Curative. It was one of the first instances of a hospital insourcing their wound center and canceling their management contract. To say that the process was contentious would be a gross understatement. On my first day, two program directors from other local wound centers run by Curative, showed up at the facility to take everything that belonged to the company … read more

Scoop of Practice Episode 1: Designing a Wound Career

During my reflections on my Designing Your Life1 immersion experience I referenced my mother’s great words of wisdom: “if you love your profession then it really isn’t work. If you put your best foot forward and work hard you can achieve miracles.” … Choosing to become a doctor was not a difficult decision at all. Perhaps growing up with a father whose passion in life was to study the inner workings of a car to fix a malfunction underlay my own fascinations with what is going on under the hood. My mother was a medical administrator and because of my parents’ examples as compassionate and dedicated life mentors, I am the person I am today. I also draw upon my work mentors as I travel along my odyssey … read more

Spray with Nitric Oxide Donor Accelerates Wound Healing: Potential Off-the-Shelf Solution for Therapy?

Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly active gaseous signaling molecule that is synthesized by NO synthases and mediates many physiological processes, from vasodilation to signal transmission in neurons. In addition, NO has a bactericidal effect, the ability to activate cellular and humoral immunity, induces the proliferation and synthetic activity of fibroblasts, activates the proliferation of keratinocytes and the antioxidant system. The variety of these effects provides NO comprehensive effect in various stages of wound healing and accelerates regeneration. Currently, there are three distinct ways for increasing the concentration of NO in wound tissues: the application of inductors of NO synthesis, NO-containing gas flows, and donor molecules. Using NO donors is one of the most promising and actively developing areas because of the large variety of donor chemical compounds … read more

Letter to Noridian: Wound and Ulcer Care LCD/LCA

The Alliance submitted a letter requesting that Noridian revise it Wound and Ulcer Care LCD (L38904) and LCA (A58567) to ensure that that CPT and HCPCS code descriptors are correct and to update incorrect/outdated terminology within the policy. The Alliance submitted a detailed list of suggested revisions … read more (available to Alliance members only)

Old and New Pearls for Wound Healing

This old pearl is as pertinent as ever, Kirsner said. While there are many available products on the market for wound healing, dermatologists need to use evidence-based therapies, especially when considering which of the more than 80 cell- and tissue-based products would benefit the individual patient most. Examples of those products with evidence include bi-layered cellular products … read more

Pressure Injuries (Pressure Ulcers) and Wound Care

Although the terms decubitus ulcer, pressure sore, and pressure ulcer have often been used interchangeably, the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP; formerly the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel [NPUAP]) currently considers pressure injury the best term to use, given that open ulceration does not always occur. [1] According to the NPIAP, a pressure injury is localized damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue, usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device. It can present as intact skin or an open ulcer and may be painful. It occurs as a result of intense or prolonged pressure or pressure in combination with shear … read more

Effects of physical activity as an adjunct treatment on healing outcomes and

recurrence of venous leg ulcers: A scoping review
Healing time is protracted and ulcer recurrence is common in patients with venous leg ulcers. Although compression is the mainstay treatment, many patients do not heal timely. Physical activity may be a clinically effective adjunct treatment to compression to improve healing outcomes. This scoping review provides a broad overview of the effect of physical activity as an adjunct treatment to compression on wound healing and recurrence. We followed the six-step framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley. We searched electronic databases and trial registration websites for relevant studies and ongoing trials. Two authors independently screened and selected articles. Findings were presented in a descriptive statistical narrative summary. We consulted and presented our findings to the wound consumer group to ensure the relevance of our study. Physical activity interventions in 12 out of the 16 eligible studies consisted of only one component, eight studies were resistance exercises … read more

Using Augmented Reality to Improve Patient Outcomes With Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

Digital technology is already immensely integrated within health care, but new innovations in this space could result in unconventional opportunities to improve patient outcomes. Augmented reality (AR), which is the enhancement of reality by virtual content, is one such innovation.1 Augmented reality has many uses in health care, such as education, remote viewing, and hands-free imaging and/or data retrieval.2 The AR device uses a heads-up display, which allows for information to be relayed and displayed in real time to the wearer via an Internet-connected device. The integrated cameras in the device enable the wearer to virtually livestream their point of view. The use of AR to virtually assess wounds has been found to have promising reliability … read more

Antimicrobial Stewardship In Wound Care

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now one of the leading causes of death around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that AMR is one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity. The inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs contributes to AMR and adverse events, and improving antimicrobial prescribing practices is a patient safety priority.[5] In 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that at least 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths per year were caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the United States. A more recent study estimated that in 2019, 44,800 deaths were directly caused by AMR and 186,000 deaths were associated with AMR in North America … By default, chronic wounds are contaminated by several types of bacteria. When the host (patient) does not adequately respond to bacterial contamination, this contamination can turn into colonization, which can further turn into infection. Wound infections are often caused by bacteria that are becoming increasingly resistant to common antibiotics due to antibiotics misuse and/or overuse.[2][3] It is thus imperative that antibiotic prescribing practices evolve such that antibiotics are prescribed only when they are essential … read more

Practice Management Education Opportunities February 23, Austin, TX

Take the first few steps to coding and billing by joining us for a comprehensive workshop covering the fundamentals of coding and billing for foot and ankle surgeons. Learn the foundation of the coding and billing process from expert colleagues before taking the ACFAS Coding and Billing for the Foot and Ankle Surgeon course. This course is for residents, fellows, new practitioners, office staff of foot and ankle surgeons or anyone who wants to learn more of the basic coding and billing terminology and process. Plus, if you’re a resident and attending Residents Day in the morning the day of the event, this course is a great next step to learning more about coding and billing for your future practice and can be bundled in your pricing … read more

What Do Medical Records Reveal About the Effectiveness of Care for Diabetic Foot Health?

Medical records are frequently the source of clinical data used in research of the diabetic foot. However, due to variations in the records, problems can result in collecting and using the data for such research … Worldwide, there are vast differences in the type of medical record, the quality of the medical record and how providers and or health systems manage the data it contains. Medical records can range from simple, handwritten notes that often include some short cuts or abbreviations, to sophisticated electronic health records. The issues of who collects the data and how it is documented will ultimately influence how it can be harvested, manipulated, and used in research … read more

The use of medical grade honey to achieve healing in an older patient with chronic wounds and

complex co-morbidities: a case report
Aging is associated with an increased likelihood of co-morbidity and other factors that are known to delay wound healing (Gosain and DiPetro, 2004; Bonifant and Holloway, 2019). Additionally, aging itself is a risk factor for chronicity as a consequence of changes in the epidermis and dermis. The dermo-epidermal junction becomes flattened, and elasticity of the skin reduces due to morphological changes in collagen and elastin, which predispose the tissue to shear and friction forces (Gosain and DiPetro, 2004; Bonifant and Holloway, 2019). Moreover, the microcirculation and lymphatic drainage of the dermis is decreased with age, and this affects its ability to adapt to injury and clear the wound of pathogens thus inhibiting wound contraction (Gosain and DiPetro, 2004). Older patients, frequently described in the literature as aged 65 years or above, often have multiple comorbidities, such as poor circulation, poor nutritional and hydration status, and the presence of diseases such as diabetes that affect general health (Leung et al, 2018; Wilkinson and Hardman, 2020). These comorbidities can negatively influence the wound healing trajectory, making vigilance during wound management … read more

UrgoClean Ag in Real Life

In 2019, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported that over 77 million individuals have diabetes in India, which will increase to over 100 million by 2030 (IDF, 2019). Of these people with diabetes, 25% will develop a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), equating to 5 million by 2030. Overall, half of ulcers become infected during the healing process, necessitating hospitalisation, while 20% of these patients require amputation. DFUs contribute to approximately 80% of all non-traumatic amputations performed annually in India (Ghosh and Valia, 2017). It is indicated that social epidemiology regarding DFU in India differs from the West due to many factors including socio-economic and cultural factors. This can lead to significant delay in specialist referral, with patients still relying on treatment based on local ethnic methods and not based on scientific data. This results in patients presenting with highly infected ulcers (Rastogi and Bhansali, 2016) … read more

‘No difference’ between endovascular, open vascular surgeries for diabetic foot ulcers

Adults with diabetic foot ulcers and peripheral artery disease who receive revascularization surgery are at no greater risk for amputation or death following endovascular surgery compared with open vascular surgery, according to findings published in the Journal of Diabetes and its Complications … “The present large cohort study showed in a propensity score-adjusted analysis that there was no difference in amputation-free survival in patients with diabetic foot ulcers and peripheral arterial disease regardless of whether endovascular or open vascular surgery was chosen as first-line vascular intervention,” Talha Butt, MD, of the department of cardiothoracic and vascular surgery at Skåne University Hospital in Sweden … read more

Diabetic foot ulcers associated with mortality, hospitalization for chronic conditions

Diabetic foot ulcer episodes were associated with all-cause mortality and all-cause inpatient hospital admissions, according to new results published in Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice … “The impact of diabetic foot ulcers has been historically difficult to quantify, but our study shows that these foot wounds are associated with higher rates of all-cause hospitalization and all-cause mortality,” Brian J. Peterson, co-founder and chief scientist at Podimetrics, told Healio. “In our research, we found that during episodes-of-care for diabetic foot ulcers, individuals are 50% more likely to die and nearly three times more likely to be hospitalized.” … read more

Guard Medical Announces FDA 510k Clearance for Additional Sizes of Its Novel NPseal

the First All-in-One NPWT Surgical Dressing
Privately-held company Guard Medical Inc. today announces FDA 510k clearance for additional sizes (10 and 15cm) of its next generation Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) dressing NPsealTM for the treatment of closed surgical incisions. NPsealTM is an easy-to-use and cost-effective NPWT surgical dressing with an integrated pump that establishes and maintains negative pressure with just a few pinches … “We’re excited to expand our NPsealTM portfolio, now with the 5, 10 and 15 cm sizes. NPsealTM can now be used on a large percentage of closed surgical incisions across multiple specialties. Receiving FDA clearance for the larger sizes is another significant milestone towards becoming the NPWT dressing of choice for the treatment of surgical incisions,” stated Machiel van der Leest, CEO of Guard Medical. “NPsealTM ease-of-use and cost effectiveness makes, for the first time, prophylactic use of NPWT for all eligible closed surgical incisions possible.” …
read more

Guidelines Highlight Role of Nutrition in Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers

New guidelines recommend healthcare providers develop and implement an individualized nutrition care plan for individuals with diabetes with or at risk of a DFU
New guidelines endorsed by the American Limb Preservation Society highlighted the importance of nutrition in wound healing for adults with diabetes, who also experience diabetic foot ulcers (DFU).

The guidelines stated that nutritional interventions were “recommended for all patients who could benefit now or in the future from nutritional care.” As such, healthcare providers should develop and implement an individualized nutrition care plan for individuals with or at risk of a DFU, who are additionally malnourished or at risk of malnutrition … read more

Amnio Technology Launches Two New Dual-Layer Allografts

FDA Recognizes Products as Minimally Manipulated, Homologous Use HCT/Ps
Amnio Technology, a global leader in the development of and distribution of amniotic tissue allografts is announcing the launch of two new PalinGen® membrane products, PalinGen® Dual-Layer Membrane and Dual Layer PalinGen® X-Membrane. The new allografts, like the entire family of PalinGen® membrane products, are minimally manipulated, homologous use and chorion-free. The dual-layered nature of the allografts allow for unidirectional application with two outward facing epithelial sides. The proprietary Advantek® process used to manufacture PalinGen® membranes preserves the extracellular matrix components and regulatory proteins present in amniotic tissues. Preserving the characteristics of the natural tissue aids in wound management.

PalinGen® Dual-Layer Membrane and Dual Layer PalinGen® X-Membrane are indicated for patients suffering from non-healing acute and chronic wounds as well as complex and/or open surgical wounds and burns.

Senior Director of New Product Development, Robert Diller, PhD, shared his insight into the motivation for developing a multilayered amniotic product, “The PalinGen® Dual layer membranes have increased durability and slower resorption, which makes them ideal for use in robotic and other surgical applications” … read more

South Korea approves Cuban medicine

In a rare breakthrough into a developed market, the South Korean pharmaceutical regulatory agency approved a Cuban medicine, Cuba’s Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) announced in a tweet.

No further context was immediately available.

According to the CIGB tweet, South Korea’s Ministry of Food and Drug Safety approved Heberprot-P, a biotech product that treats diabetic foot ulcers, for use with Korean patients.

Recombinant human epidermal growth factor-based Heberprot, which was first approved in Cuba in 2006, has been registered in Vietnam, Malaysia, Turkey, Argentina, Colombia, Kuwait, Ukraine, and Russia, among others. An agreement with a U.S. company in 2016 to bring Heberprot-P to clinical testing in the United States seems to have faded … read more

Diabetic Neuropathy, Avoiding Amputation, and Foodie – Blog

Dr. Tea Nguyen podiatrist specializes in diabetic wound care, why educates against the webMD diagnosis, her honest and forward speech to patients, fat relocation advances for surgical outcomes, and shares her martial and daily staff tips and foodie.

Dr. Tea Nguyen is Fellowship trained in wound care particularly with diabetics.

Big reason why diabetics have the wounds that can require amputation is because of peripheral neuropathy and losing the pain sensitivity. One of the problem is a patient doesn’t know a cut may have happened and can’t see it because of back pain or poor vision and therefore they get systemic symptoms or a bad smell before they know something is wrong … listen more

A tool to promote patient and informal carer involvement for shared wound care

Shared wound care encompasses approaches and interventions that enable patients to participate in care planning and delivery, rather than just being a passive recipient of services provided. A key step in facilitating greater shared care is identifying the individuals (patients and informal carers) who would be good candidates to be involved in shared wound care. An international survey was conducted to help identify the characteristics that may indicate an individual’s suitability to participate in shared wound care. The results of which informed the development of a guide that clinicians can use to direct discussion to better understand patient and informal carer suitability for shared wound care and identify the approaches and interventions that may be suited to the patient and informal carer’s needs … read more

5 Wound Care Myths Still in Practice Today

Since WCA was founded 20 years ago, our industry has made great strides and advancements in both technology and method. Unfortunately these changes aren’t always well-known, allowing for less effective and sometimes even harmful practices to continue.

In this blog we’ll cover 5 common myths we still see in wound care treatment and how you can avoid them … read more

Factors associated with adherence to using removable cast walker treatment among patients with …

diabetes-related foot ulcers
Adherence to using knee-high offloading treatment is critical for healing diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFUs). However, few studies have investigated patients’ adherence to using knee-high offloading treatment. We aimed to investigate the levels and factors associated with adherence to using knee-high removable cast walker (RCW) treatment among patients with DFUs … read more

Comparing the standard surgical dressing with dehydrated amnion and platelet-derived …

growth factor dressings in the healing rate of diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized clinical trial
In patients having diabetic foot ulcers, a better-improved healing results from dehydrated amnion dressing than platelet-derived growth factor dressing and surgical debridement … This is a multi-arm parallel-group randomized trial including 243 patients with a minimum 4-week medical history of diabetic foot ulcers with Wagner’s grades 1 and 2, no infection, and adequate tissue blood flow … They were randomized to one of three 81-person groups: surgical debridement (the standard method), dehydrated amnion dressing, or platelet-derived growth factor dressing; and were followed up for 12 weeks … Regarding the type of ulcer, the area of ulcer, Wagner’s grade, the period, and the ulcer’s size, all three study groups were comparable … read more

Animal experimental models of ischemic wounds – A review of literature

Critical limb ischemia is a serious form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The consequences of lower limb ischemia are pain, claudication and chronic non-healing wounds. Patients with diabetes are especially at a high risk for developing non-healing ulcers. The most serious complication is major amputation. For this reason, there is a significant medical requirement to develop new therapies in order to prevent the progression of PAD. For research purposes, it is crucial to find an appropriate model of chronic ischemia to explore the processes of wound healing. According to recently acquired information, rodents are currently the most commonly used animals in these types of studies. The main advantage of using small animals is the low financial cost due … read more

TissueTech Announces Rebranding, Adopts BioTissue Name Across Entire Business

TissueTech, Inc.—a pioneer in the clinical application of cryopreserved human birth tissue products to treat ocular surface disease and disorders, chronic wounds, and musculoskeletal conditions—has unveiled a corporate rebranding, including a name change and a new logo. BioTissue, Inc. and Amniox Medical, Inc. will now both be known under a single commercial, customer facing entity, BioTissue, Inc. … With three decades of continual advancements in regenerative medicine, BioTissue has been a clear leader in the ocular space. By adopting the BioTissue name across the entire organization, the company will also reflect that innovative heritage and promise in its surgical business, which was previously known as Amniox Medical … “For years, health care professionals have known our products—regardless of their specific applications—for providing mother nature’s most natural gift of healing so their patients can get back to the lives they love,” said Ted Davis, president and CEO, BioTissue. “Our new, unified brand supports our entire pipeline of human birth tissue products to aid the treatment of wounds, musculoskeletal conditions, trauma-induced injuries, ocular surface disease, and burns.” … read more

Complex multilevel and multivessel endovascular revascularization through an occluded

femoral-popliteal bypass in a patient with chronic limb threatening ischemia
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) represents the end stage of peripheral artery disease, a problem of growing prevalence and increased health care costs around the globe. CLTI is a highly morbid disease, incurring significant mortality, limb loss, pain, and diminished health-related quality of life. The major cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputation are related to diabetes and CLTI. Between 2% to 3% of patients with peripheral artery disease present with a severe case of CLTI, a condition that is correlated with multilevel and multivessel arterial disease, calcification, and chronic total occlusions. Multiple technical strategies to successfully cross long occlusions in arterial segments have been described. Recanalization can be performed using endoluminal, subintimal, and retrograde techniques … read more

First Patients Enrolled in Prospective Randomized Multi-Center Comparative Clinical Study Evaluating Restrata®

for the Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers
Acera Surgical, Inc. (Acera), a leading bioscience company developing and commercializing a portfolio of fully synthetic materials for regenerative medical applications, today announced its first patient enrollment in a multicenter, head-to-head clinical study evaluating Restrata® for the treatment of non-healing venous leg ulcers (VLUs). William Marston, M.D., the George Johnson Jr. Distinguished Professor of Vascular Surgery at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine is the study’s lead investigator. The study will be the first level 1 clinical comparison between Restrata and a biologic skin substitute.

Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are a chronic ulcer type which affect 3% of the world population, including over 2 million people annually in the US.1,2 VLUs are a major cause of morbidity and poor quality of life resulting from venous insufficiency in the lower limbs. This type of wound presents clinical challenges as VLUs may require many months of treatment before healing is achieved.3 The US economic burden of VLU treatment was close to $15 billion in 2014 … read more

New Diabetic Foot Ulcer Guidelines Highlight Importance Of Nutrition

New guidelines endorsed by the American Limb Preservation Society highlighted the importance of nutrition in wound healing for adults with diabetes, who also experience diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) … The guidelines stated that nutritional interventions were “recommended for all patients who could benefit now or in the future from nutritional care.” As such, healthcare providers should develop and implement an individualized nutrition care plan for individuals with or at risk of a DFU, who are additionally malnourished or at risk of malnutrition … read more

New guidance highlights the importance of nutrition to support people living with diabetes and foot ulcers

A multidisciplinary team of medical professionals developed guidance for healthcare professionals outlining the importance of nutrition therapy to support wound healing for foot ulcers … The guidance provides expert consensus regarding how nutrition from arginine, glutamine, hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB), and micronutrients can help improve wound-care therapy for people living with diabetes who are more likely to develop foot ulcers … read more

Incision care and dressing selection in surgical incisions wounds

Findings from an international meeting of surgeons from Northern Europe
Post-surgical incision care must be optimised, particularly in terms of reducing the risk of infection and associated complications (Sandy-Hodgetts et al, 2017; 2018; Morgan-Jones et al, 2019). An international consensus meeting was conducted in 2019 to examine post-surgical care and dressing selection for surgical incisions closed with primary intention (Morgan-Jones et al, 2019). A group of surgeons from Germany, Denmark, Finland and Norway convened online to discuss the findings raised in the 2019 international report and how they fit with local practice with the following aims … read more

Latest APMA Health Policy and Advocacy Wins

APMA works tirelessly to advocate for the podiatric medical profession. Over the past year, APMA has been successful in ensuring podiatrists receive equitable reimbursement, and patients have full access to care provided by podiatrists. Recent successes include:

HealthNet Federal Services (HNFS), the TRICARE administrator for the West Region, agreed to APMA’s previous request, and now permits podiatrists to order non-invasive vascular or arterial studies for TRICARE beneficiaries … read more

Evidence-Based Care in Diabetic Foot Ulcers | Video

My name is Alton Johnson. I’m a DPM, (and a) certified wound specialist as well. Currently, a clinical assistant, professor, podiatrist, pediatric surgeon, wound care specialist at the University of Michigan Hospital System – Michigan Medicine, currently working as a podiatrist and wound care specialist.

By the statement, “Not all DFUs are created equally,” (this) simply means that no one wound is ever the same when it comes to diabetic foot ulcerations. That could be applicable to all ulcerations but in general, you don’t know … watch

Practice Alert New ICD-10 Codes for MASD

In response to an initiative spearheaded by the Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society (WOCN), new diagnosis codes moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) were added to the current version of the International Classification of Disease, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM). These codes arc used globally to identify diseases and health conditions of patients in the United States. They are also linked to third-party payment for health care and related supplies … read more

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with hidradenitis suppurativa

Compared to prior to the pandemic, fewer patients consulted their primary physician for changing wound dressings and more changed the dressings themselves or were assisted by their family members. 13% of patients avoided doctor visits due to fear of COVID-19 and 26.1% minimised doctor visits … The Dermatology Life Quality Index showed a moderate to very severe impact on patients’ Quality of Life (mean score = 10.06). Only one patient used telemedicine. Due to limited access to primary care and fear of COVID-19, the pandemic had a detectable impact on the hospital management of patients with HS in our facility. Telemedicine still plays a negligible role in primary wound care … read more

Watch this mama chimp treat her son’s open wound by applying insect “poultice”

In November 2019, Alessandra Mascaro was observing a community of chimpanzees in the Loango National Park in Gabon as part of her volunteer service with the Ozouga Chimpanzee Project when she noticed some unusual behavior. A chimp named Suzee was inspecting a wound on the foot of her son, Sia. Suzee suddenly caught an insect from a nearby leaf, put it into her mouth for a moment, and then pressed it to Sia’s wound.

Mascaro caught the unusual interaction on video and forwarded it to two scientists on the project: Tobias Deschner, a primatologist with the Ozouga Chimpanzee Project, and Simone Pika, a cognitive biologist at Osnabrück University. The researchers thought the interaction could be suggestive of prosocial behavior among chimpanzees and the capacity for empathy—a question of heated debate in the field—and they spent the next 15 months looking for other examples of this type of wound-treating behavior … read more

Custom-made footwear designed for indoor use increases short-term and long-term adherence

in people with diabetes at high ulcer risk
To explore changes in footwear adherence following provision of custom-made indoor footwear in people with diabetes at high risk for plantar foot ulceration and in possession of regular custom-made footwear … Adherence indoors and outdoors was assessed objectively as percentage of steps custom-made footwear was worn, at baseline (in regular custom-made footwear), and at 1 and 12 months after providing custom-made indoor footwear (in both indoor and regular footwear). Primary group: participants with low (<80%) baseline indoor adherence; secondary group: participants with high (≥80%) baseline indoor adherence. Peak plantar pressures of the indoor footwear were compared with … read more

A new look For WOCN’s Continuing Education Center (CEC)

We (WOCN) are excited to introduce our new and improved look and feel to the WOCN® Continuing Education Center (CEC). With this new look also comes some exciting additions to the site and resources for users, including:

  • New tutorial videos outlining new features of the site and how to utilize the “My Account” functions once logged into the CEC
  • More user-friendly ways to navigate the CEC:
    • The ability to easily search for content by topics of interest
    • The ability to easily search for content by content “tags”
  • A refreshed, clean look to match WOCN branding

Check out the tutorial videos below to learn more about the new CEC!
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Wound Care Specialization for the Advanced Practice Clinician

Nursing is a unique and varied field often described as a union between art and science. Nursing appeals to many individuals as a first or second career, and these people see the profession through different lenses. When questioned about why they want to enter the field, many students respond that they “want to help others,” “give back to society,” or “find meaning in my work.”

Many of us can recall our transition from student to entry-level nurse, whether we started on the specialized unit of our dreams or were “strongly” encouraged to start in a general setting. There comes the day when we realize that we have begun to master a clinical knowledge set we once thought impossible. If you are at this crossroads in your career … read more

CALL FOR WOUND, OSTOMY, AND CONTINENCE-RELATED PHOTOS

It is a goal of the Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nurses SocietyTM (WOCN®) to continuously improve the educational content of the Wound Treatment Associate (WTA®) and Ostomy Care Associate (OCA®) Programs as well as the resources available to all WOCN members. Additionally, it is a goal of WOCN to work at continuous improvement in the areas of diversity, equity, and inclusion. As such, we’d like to extend an invitation to our WOC nurse colleagues to submit photographs of wounds and ostomies, specifically representing individuals of diverse skin tone. We would also invite you to submit photos related to continence-related issues, also in diverse skin tones. A wide variety of photograph examples serve to improve the education of our members and other healthcare providers by ensuring competency in wound, ostomy, and continence (WOC) assessment for all individuals. In this way, the care of all individuals with wound, ostomy, and continence care needs can be improved … read more

Frank & Lizzie Show: Episode 011, Wound Week 2022

Frank & Lizzie are excited to see you in Philadelphia for The American Professional Wound Care Association’s (APWCA) annual conference, Wound Week 2022 at the Loews Hotel February 24-27, 2022. Frank and Lizzie shared their excitement for this advanced wound care conference with THE experts from all disciplines.

Growing Evidence That Oral Antibiotics are the New IV

A recent systematic review in the American Journal of Medicine aims to challenge the dogma surrounding antibiotic therapy for certain types of infections, including osteomyelitis.1 This constitutes superb work from Wald-Dickler and coworkers, adding to the growing body of evidence that (to coin a phrase from senior author Brad Spellberg, MD) shorter may be better and oral greater than IV … Researchers set out to evaluate if current data supports long-standing tenets regarding the superiority of IV antibiotics for the full treatment course for osteomyelitis, bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Their review included 7 randomized controlled trials regarding osteomyelitis, specifically. None of the 21 total studies among all examined infections demonstrated superiority of IV-only antibiotic treatment … read more

Early Identification of Deep-Tissue Pressure Injury Using Long-Wave Infrared Thermography

A Blinded Prospective Cohort Study
The current clinical standard for diagnosing deep-tissue pressure injury (DTPI) is visual inspection. This method is subjective and only presents to the observer the external “picture;” deeper tissues are disguised from the observer. In contrast, long-wave infrared thermography (LWIT) can capture an image of the area of concern and detect tissue temperature relative to the level of tissue perfusion … To determine the efficacy of a handheld LWIT device and software solution as an adjunct to the current clinical standard of visual skin assessment to detect nonvisual pathophysiologic changes of DTPI … read more

A Case Study of Chronic Wound Management

Mr. King presented with 3 wounds located on the medial and lateral aspects of both ankles. Each wound was present for more than 3 years. In that time, he had been seen by 14 wound care physicians and another 8 podiatric and surgical specialists, in the outpatient setting. His care also included home health nursing visits for over 2 years, most commonly with daily dressing changes ordered by the many physicians trying to treat him … At 77 years old, he has many comorbidities that can impair wound healing such as; PAD, PVD, IDDM II, HDL, CKD II, HTN, Varicose Veins and uncontrolled chronic pitting edema. As a result of his wounds not healing, he was no stranger to receiving poor prognoses on the outcomes and resolution of his wounds. Because of poor choices in treatments and a lack of holistic care, more often, his wounds would get worse not better and in some cases Mr. King was told, “there’s nothing I can do, your wounds are not going to heal,” or “you’re going to lose your legs.” Most of the physicians he saw wanted to do some type of surgery or skin grafts. But Mr. King had known too many people that went in for a surgery on the leg or foot, trying to heal a wound, and ended up with an amputation … read more

Nutrition Interventions in Adults with Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are chronic wounds in the foot or feet associated with neuropathy and/or peripheral artery disease (PAD) of the lower limb in patients with diabetes mellitus. Reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that in the United States there are nearly one in four adults living with diabetes, which indicates that a large number of Americans are at risk of DFU. DFUs will develop in up to 34% of patients with diabetes at some time in in their lives, and of those, approximately 15%–25% will require an amputation. Moderate or severe malnutrition has been identified in over half of patients with DFU, and malnutrition in DFU is correlated with increased lower-extremity amputation. Improvements in wound care therapy, including nutrition interventions, can reduce the financial burden of DFUs and increase life expectancy and quality of life … read more

To Conquer or Be Defeated: The Strategy Behind Winning the Wound Infection Battle | webinar

Wound infection has a significant impact on wound healing potential. When managing a wound, the first step is to determine if you are looking at an acute or chronic wound infection. Acute wound infection can be devastating and is often an underappreciated clinical condition that has been reported to increase the cost of care by up to 70%. Chronic wound infections are microbiologically, immunologically, and clinically distinct from acute wound infections and require a different treatment strategy … register

The significance of surface pH in chronic wounds

Wound healing is a complex, multifaceted process which is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The pH of the wound can affect many factors including oxygen release, angiogenesis, protease activity, and bacterial toxicity. Chronic non-healing wounds have an elevated alkaline environment. Healing occurs more readily in an acid environment. Current wound bed assessment is dependent on subjective evaluation with few diagnostic instruments available or suited to routine practice. Monitoring surface pH may provide a method of ‘measuring’ the condition of the wound bed and ultimately aid in determining the wound’s response to treatment … read more

Automating wound care in hospitals

Chronic wounds are a global medical problem closely linked to diabetes. Every year, two per cent of the US population suffers chronic wounds, many resulting in amputation because they do not heal naturally and are typically infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Consequently, conventional treatment methods such as antibiotics are often not an option. However, start-up VulCur Medtech has now developed an automated laser solution writes the Technical University of Denmark in this press release … While competitors are focusing on surface treatment, VulCur MedTech’s treatment goes deeper, cleaning the wounds from the inside out using an automated laser device that kills bacteria while avoiding human cells … read more

The Wound Care Evidence Summit™

The Summit will provide a critically needed multi-disciplinary meeting for payers, government agency policymakers, prominent researchers, wound care medical specialty societies, patient and clinical associations, wound care clinics and manufacturers to address the shared goals of:

  • Addressing the current state of wound care research and clinical trial design
  • Exploring solutions to address the limitations in the wound care evidence-base
  • Communicating with payer medical directors on the development of coverage policies and the use of clinical practice guidelines in coverage decisionmaking
  • Defining “next steps” to actualize solutions
  • Participating in a uniquely intimate gathering of leading decisionmakers

register

Bio Plaster Produced from the 3D Printer Aboard the International Space Station

The long-term goal of the experiment is to cover skin wounds with bio-ink from a 3D printer like a band-aid … The new technology should help to significantly improve wound care on space missions, but also in daily medical use on Earth … Human cells from the 3D printer, with which skin wounds can be covered like an adhesive plaster – that is the long-term goal of the Bioprint FirstAid experiment. As part of the mission “Cosmic Kiss”, the German ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer has now carried out the test series on the International Space Station. The mobile hand-held device is intended to significantly improve wound care … read more

Obesity, Diabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients With Class 3 Obesity

In individuals with class 3 obesity, obesity itself may be as strong as prediabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D) in driving the risk of peripheral neuropathy (PN), a study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism suggests.

The study analyzed plasma global metabolomics and targeted lipidomics in participants with obesity who either had PN (n=44) or didn’t have PN (n=44). These participants were matched for glycemic status and compared with a lean, non-neuropathic control participants … read more

U.S. diabetes deaths top 100,000 for second straight year

Jan 31 (Reuters) – More than 100,000 Americans died from diabetes in 2021, marking the second consecutive year for that grim milestone and spurring a call for a federal mobilization similar to the fight against HIV/AIDS.

The new figures come as an expert panel urges Congress to overhaul diabetes care and prevention, including recommendations to move beyond a reliance on medical interventions alone. A report released earlier this month calls for far broader policy changes to stem the diabetes epidemic, such as promoting consumption of healthier foods, ensuring paid maternal leave from the workplace, levying taxes on sugary drinks and expanding access to affordable housing, among other areas … read more

Steps Towards Preventing and Reducing Hypertrophic Scars: One Surgeon’s Experience

Hypertrophic scarring secondary to wound dehiscence remains an ongoing challenge for foot and ankle surgeons, despite advancements in surgical techniques and products development. Unattractive or thick scars on any patient exasperate me, but they are especially tough to endure when the patient is a child. A significant portion of my practice focuses on pediatric patients. A thick, wide, noticeable scar on this patient cohort can discourage the parents, the patient, and the doctor alike … read more

Building knowledge of wound care through competency-based education programs

Throughout Covid-19, the pandemic media has highlighted the burden it puts on healthcare systems and professionals. Providing timely and professional care to people suffering from acute and chronic wounds has been particularly difficult. There are two challenges: access to care and access to professional care. Although medical professionals are aware of the need for advanced education, it can be difficult to obtain advanced wound care education due to the increased workload and limited access to education.

A nurse specializing in wounds, ostomy, and continence in Canada (NSWOCC) works with Canadian clinicians to address the lack of access to professional wound care. NSWOCC owns and operates the WOC (Wound, Ostomy, and Continence) laboratory. The WOC-Institute is a practice and competence base of various standards to help healthcare professionals improve their wound, ostomy, and excretion skills and understanding by taking advantage of both online and direct learning opportunities. We offer the program of. The WOC-Institute’s competency-based education program is a team of knowledgeable and dedicated nurse leaders from the Canadian Association of Nurses (CNA) certified nurses specializing in wounds, osteoporosis, and excretion … read more

Glycemic Control Reduces Risk of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Type 1 Diabetes

Early intensive glycemic control decreases the long-term risk of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), according to a study in Diabetes Care … Researchers evaluated the effects of intensive treatment (INT) vs conventional treatment (CON) in patients with T1D from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) on the subsequent risk of DFU and lower-extremity amputations (LEA) in the follow-up Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study … read more

Using Negative Pressure Wound Therapy With Instillation and Dwell Time to Create a Path …

to Closure for Older Patients With Chronic Wounds: A Retrospective Case Series
BACKGROUND: Chronic podiatric wounds are common causes of morbidity and mortality in older patients. Negative pressure wound therapy with instillation and dwell time (NPWTi-d) has been recommended in wounds with high levels of exudate, contaminated wounds, and wounds in which healing progression has stalled. PURPOSE: This retrospective case series describes the use of NPWTi-d to prepare 4 chronic wounds for closure in older patients with multiple comorbidities. METHODS: Patients (N = 4) ranged in age from 65 to 95 years and had wounds present for at least 90 days. Previous treatments included conventional NPWT and debridement. NPWTi-d consisted of instillation of 10 to 20 mL normal saline, dwell time for 1 minute, followed by 3-hour cycles of -125 mm Hg. Antibiotics were administered as needed. Wounds included a 210-day Wagner grade 3 diabetic foot ulcer (3.2 × 1.8 × 0.3 cm3), a 90-day dehisced wound (9.5 × 2.6 × 0.4 cm3), a 300-day neuropathic ulcer … read more

Diabetes: Know it! Fight it! Webinar

Every wound-care clinician treats diabetic patients regardless of your care point. In this course, Nancy will help you evaluate the wound, identify the best plan of treatment and steer you away from the potential setbacks for better healing rates and overall patient outcomes … register

What is the practice and understanding of podiatrists towards patient-centred consultations regarding diabetic foot care?

Background: Patient education is an integral part of diabetes management, yet research shows that increased knowledge alone does not translate into behaviour change. Behaviour change techniques (BCTs) have the potential to increase foot self-care and reduce the incidence of diabetic foot disease. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore the practice and understanding of podiatrists towards patient-centred support versus prescriptive instruction in consultations regarding diabetic foot care. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional design with a web-based questionnaire distributed to members of the College of Podiatry in the UK. Descriptive statistics, conceptual content analysis and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient were used to analyse the data. Results: Most respondents reported using BCTs in their consultations “often” or “very often” and that they “strongly agree” or “agree” that their consultations were patient-led, yet most were categorised as having a partial or poor understanding of these terms. Three themes emerged regarding barriers and facilitators, including ‘Skills and confidence’, ‘Patients do not want to take control … read more

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We will soon be relaunching the Wound Care Weekly newsletter to our list of 7,000 wound care and podiatry professionals. We are looking for sponsors to keep the lights on for WCW. In addition to the newsletter, sponsor exposure would include prominent website visibility (website gets close to 30,000 page views per month), Facebook header and sticky posts (FB page has 1,600 likes and followers) and LinkedIn posts (about 1,200 connections). I expect dramatic growth for web traffic from the newsletter based on activity from when it was previously active. Our latest media kit is below, let me know if you have any questions.
WCW-media_kit_2022.pdf
-Andy Durban

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The white coat: Symbol of respect, or a liability?

A doctor’s white coat is not only a staple of healthcare attire, but it’s also a symbol of professionalism, authority, kindness, and trust. While medical students know that trust is earned through practice, donning the white coat marks an important milestone in their journey to doctorhood … But the glory of this esteemed garment may dwindle when one considers the harm it could cause. Not only do white coats serve as vehicles for pathogens, but they also shine a light on patients’ perceptions of gender and professionalism, revealing gender bias in some cases … read more

Comments at HCPCS Public Meeting

The Alliance spoke at the Dec. 1-2, 2021 HCPCS Public Meeting in support of the CMS HCPCS Workgroup’s preliminary coding decision to establish three new Level II HCPCS codes for non-pneumatic compression devices. “Including disparate devices into the same HCPCS code would severely limit the ability of CMS and other interested parties to collect data and assess the utilization, cost, efficacy and clinical outcomes of these new devices. Therefore, we are in agreement with the creation of three new K codes since it will allow CMS to establish appropriate product segmentation thereby avoiding issues related to data collection and analysis,” the Alliance told the Workgroup … read more

Antimicrobial peptide derived from insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 improves diabetic wound healing

Impaired keratinocyte functions are major factors that are responsible for delayed diabetic wound healing. In addition to its antimicrobial activity, the antimicrobial peptide derived from insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (AMP-IBP5) activates mast cells and promotes keratinocyte and fibroblast proliferation and migration. However, its effects on diabetic wound healing remain unclear. Human keratinocytes were cultured in normal or high glucose milieus. The production of angiogenic growth factor and cell proliferation and migration were evaluated. Wounds in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were monitored and histologically examined. We found that AMP-IBP5 rescued the high glucose-induced attenuation of proliferation and migration as well as the production of angiogenin and vascular endothelial growth factor in keratinocytes. AMP-IBP5-induced activity was mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor … read more

Case Study – Diabetic Foot Abscess and Sepsis: Amputation or Limb Salvage?

A 48-year-old Type II insulin dependent diabetic male presented in the acute care setting with sepsis due to an abscess of the right foot involving bone and deep soft tissue structures of the midfoot. The wound and associated sepsis made limb loss and/or mortality a pressing concern. Options were primary limb amputation versus an attempt at limb salvage … read more

Classifying diabetic foot ulcers

Dermatologists must be able to distinguish between infected and noninfected diabetic foot ulcers because whether or not a DFU is infected can help determine treatment protocol, says Warrent S. Joseph, D.P.M, FIDSA.
While dermatologists are unlikely to treat patients with severe foot infections that require hospitalization, they must be able to diagnose and manage mild-to-moderate infections in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), and follow current Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines regarding antibiotic use, according to Warren S. Joseph, D.P.M., FIDSA, who presented at DERMfoot 2018. He is a consultant, lower extremity infectious diseases, Roxborough Memorial Hospital, Philadelphia, and a co-author of the IDSA guidelines, which appeared in Clinical Infectious Diseases in June 2012 … read more

What Is the Difference Between RPM and RTM?

Ever since the CPT® 2022 codebook was released by the American Medical Association, this author has received many calls and e-mails from wound/ulcer management professionals and providers inquiring about the similarities and differences between the 5 new remote therapeutic monitoring (RTM) services codes and the 5 remote physiologic monitoring (RPM) services codes that were created in 2019. Therapists were particularly eager to learn about the new RTM codes and rules. Therefore, this author created the following table, which displays the frequently asked questions and the side-by-side comparison of the answers as they pertain to RPM and RTM … read more

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Managing Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Procedure Complications

A Report of Three Cases
Minimally invasive aesthetic procedures such as filler injections and thread lifts have gained popularity recently. Complications from these aesthetic procedures are difficult to avoid. This increasing public health concern requires a combination of effective therapeutic modalities. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has generated favorable results in treating a diversity of wounds, inflammation, and infection … The cellular inflammatory cascade and wound healing process is triggered by tissue hypoxia. Maintaining an oxygen pressure of at least 30 mmHg in tissues is essential to provide an environment suitable for wound healing … The wound was clinically evaluated every 3 days. As the days progressed, the inflammation began to reside as the area of infection continued to shrink, leaving a once-blurred, now clear margin around the wound (Figure 1C). The wound fully healed within one year … read more

E-Learning and Blended-Learning Program in Wound Care for Undergraduate Nursing Students

To respond to the nursing shortage in the canton of Geneva, the School of Health Sciences increased the yearly number of Bachelor of Nursing students from 426 in 2016 to 497 in 2019 (HES-SO, 2020; 2021). In 2020, 190 students started, representing an increase of 18% since 2016. This increase had a major effect on the current face-to-face teaching methods, not only for the availability of lecturers, but also for the logistical resources. To face this problem, different virtual learning tools such as blended and e-learning were implemented. Blended learning is a combination of online learning and the traditional face-to-face learning (Siemens et al., 2015; Singh, 2003) using different technological approaches such as podcasts, lecture captures, or virtual web-based classrooms (Leidl et al., 2020), whereas e-learning is an online education method … read more

Healogics 2022 Healing Can’t Wait Program Raises Awareness about the Impact of Heart Health on Wound Healing

Healogics, the nation’s leading provider of advanced wound care services, as part of their 2022 Healing Can’t Wait program, is promoting awareness of heart health and its impact to wound healing through their seventh annual Heart Health Awareness campaign. Throughout Heart Health Awareness Month, Healogics will work to spread awareness about how cardiovascular diseases can affect the wound healing process.

An alarming 48 percent of Americans currently suffer from cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease can take many forms:

  • Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  • Peripheral Artery Disease(PAD)
  • Vascular Insufficiency Diseases

read more

Health Equity podcast #6: Preventing diabetic foot ulcers

In this episode, we are joined by Dr. Ernest Moy, Executive Director of the Office of Health Equity and Dr. Jeffrey Robbins, director of VA Central Office Podiatry Service. Also participating is Suzanne Shirley, director of Partnerships and Community Engagement with the VA Innovation Ecosystem.

Do you know why it is so crucial to address diabetic foot ulcers?

Moy discusses differences in Veterans affected by diabetic foot ulcers and why this program to manage and reduce foot ulcers can improve the health of our Veterans.
listen

Local Tranexamic Acid Reduces Surgical Blood Loss

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a synthetic lysine analog that reduces perioperative blood loss by blocking lysine-binding sites on plasminogen molecules. It has been reported to be effective in limiting blood loss and transfusion needs in various orthopedic surgeries and for pediatric patients at high risk of blood loss.1,2 Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) supporting the capacity of TXA to reduce blood loss and improve outcomes associated with various surgical procedures have increased fourfold in the 10 years since Evidence Corner addressed this topic, which highlighted the capacity of locally delivered TXA to reduce blood loss during … read more

The US Wound & Podiatry Registries

As part of a QCDR, the US Wound & Podiatry Registries serve many purposes:

Follow the natural history of a disease, estimate the magnitude of a problem, document the type of patients served, estimate complication rates, understand variations in outcomes, determine clinical effectiveness of treatments in the real world, understand cost-effectiveness, monitor safety, measure and improve clinical quality … read more

Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes and Associated Comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes” includes the ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee (https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-SPPC), are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA’s clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction … read more

Stop Chasing Your Tail With High-pH Product Selection | webinar

Are you unknowingly promoting a hostile wound healing environment with your choice of wound cleanser, allowing for the colonization of bacteria in the wound bed? Recent studies have shown that pH is a critical factor in the balance of wound healing, and the use of high-pH products such as sodium hypochlorite can be detrimental to healthy tissue. Furthermore, more data have recently been published to show that high-pH environments trigger metabolic responses in fungi that lead to further degradation of skin conditions or environment. High pH in the wound bed also seems to select positively for pathogens … register

The Wound Man

For years I was the only medical doctor doing inpatient wound consults in my hospital. I was continually amazed at the variety of wounds that reflected a wide gamut of human disease. Each wound was unique, and beyond the many pressure injuries and venous stasis lesions there were wounds from cancer, substance abuse, vasculitis, trauma, surgical dehiscence, and hematologic disorders … read more

The Amputation Prevention Symposium | August 17-20, 2022

Driven by a team of multidisciplinary course directors and led by Jihad A. Mustapha, MD, a pioneer in the field of interventional cardiology, AMP provides an unrivaled experience for endovascular and vascular specialists to gain knowledge on the latest advances in revascularization and explore groundbreaking techniques that will improve the future for CLI patients … The unequaled CLI education paired with the paramount interaction among faculty and attendees makes AMP an impactful, inspiring experience that you cannot miss … register

The Issue of Noncompliance in Wound Care Patients

Dealing with patients who either can’t or won’t participate in their care can be a challenge for health care providers across all settings. In wound care, this lack of participation can result in greater financial costs, diminished quality of life, and suboptimal clinical outcomes. This is part one of a two-part series on noncompliance in wound care patients. Part one addresses possible reasons for noncompliance. In part two, strategies to address these issues and increase patient participation are discussed … read more

Third-Degree Burn on the Neuropathic Lower Extremity in a Patient With Diabetes While …

Wearing a Copper–Containing Compression Sock: A Case Report
Many patients who have diabetes and peripheral neuropathy wear compression socks, which are widely available and may be purchased with a copper component. There is also a well-documented history of patients with neuropathy developing thermal burns from heat sources. Patients with diabetes are at an increased risk of complications when they sustain burns. PURPOSE: To describe a patient with diabetes and neuropathy who developed third-degree burns while wearing a copper-containing compression sock. CASE REPORT: A 68-year-old man with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy wore a copper-containing compression sock while sitting in the sun for several hours. Afterward, he noted severe blistering and was ultimately diagnosed with several areas of second- and third-degree burns. Wound treatment included sharp debridement … read more

Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries: Management and Risk Adjustment

Hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) continue to occur despite our many improvement strategies. In this webinar, we will discuss the challenges we encounter in HAPI prevention and the sustaining of HAPI improvement strategies, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three methods to address these challenges will be presented … register

COVID-19 Accelerates Virtual Wound Care

One of the journal’s initial goals was to keep our readers abreast of the latest developments and research in our specialty field.1 The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the greatest generational threat to “in-person” wound care and patient visits. We have been challenged with the need for social distancing, quarantines, lockdowns, and limited visitation to healthcare facilities. Healthcare professionals, patients, and providers have been forced to find viable alternative methods of care delivery … read more

Micro Medical Solutions receives FDA breakthrough device designation for MicroStent vascular stent

Micro Medical Solutions (MMS) recently announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted breakthrough device designation for its MicroStent vascular stent. This novel technology is designed to achieve and maintain vessel patency, enhance wound treatment, and improve quality of life and blood flow in order to reduce amputation and mortality for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI) resulting from peripheral arterial disease (PAD) … read more

Venous Disease: Ulcers and So Much More

As wound care practitioners, we commonly encounter patients who are referred for evaluation and management of venous ulcers due to venous hypertension. These ulcers are the most common lesions of the lower extremities, affecting 1%-3% of the US population.1 Patient may have coexisting medical comorbidities such as cardiac failure and advanced arterial disease, which may impact the usage of compression therapy. The longstanding venous disease may be associated with additional morbidities such as pain, disability, and malignant transformation. Effective clinical outcomes require patient adherence with recommendations that involve a lifelong commitment to management. This article will serve as a generalized overview of this burdensome disease … read more